Craniofacial and dental features in children aged 3-5 years with congenital Zika syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Zika virus infection has been associated to congenital zika syndrome (CZS) in newborns and is characterized by microcephaly, central/axial motor and sensory dysfunction, dysphagia among other previously described severe health complications. CZS is usually diagnosed postpartum by evident/apparent neural development problems. Although there are some reports of craniofacial/dentition development in CZS, several clinical oral aspects are still unknown. This study describes some structural and functional characteristics of facial and cranial growth and deciduous dentition in CZS-affected children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Some cranial, facial and dental characteristics were determined in 14 children with CZS aged 3-5 years and compared them against 12 apparently healthy children paired by age and gender. RESULTS: Fourteen CZS cases presented microcephaly, maxillary prognathism, altered facial thirds, asymmetric pupillary line, bruxism (p = 0.006), deep and anterior open bite and distal step decidual molar relationship (p = 0.031). CZS children cannot feed by themselves and most cannot walk and have not develop coordinated and intelligible language according to their chronological age. In contrast, controls presented normal skull features, have autonomous locomotion skills, speak intelligible language, feed by themselves, presented a harmonic intermaxillary relationship and have symmetrical facial thirds. CONCLUSION: Microcephaly, dysphagia, bruxism, mandibular retrognathia, altered facial proportions and malocclusion are the main craniofacial and oral features at CZS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The complications of CZS including those related with the face and the oral cavity are still being identified. This study revealed some cranial, facial and oral features in children affected by CSZ. Interdisciplinary rehabilitation protocols must address these syndromic features that could improve children and parents living conditions.

Correspondencia entre el índice de placa y el recuento de Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus sp. en una población infantil: Un estudio transversal / Correspondence between plaque index and Streptococcus mutans and Lactabacillus spp. counts in a child population: A cross-sectional study

Antecedentes: La identificación de microorganismos como Streptococcus mutans(SM) y Lactobacillus sp. (LB) es un predictor del desarrollo de caries, sin embargo los métodos de identificación son de acceso limitado por su alto costo. Objetivo:determinar la correlación entre la biopelícula dental medida por el índice de placa bacteriana de (IPB) Silness y Löe modificado y el recuento de SM y LB en niños colombianos en edad preescolar. Este es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y correlacional. Materiales y métodos: Se tomaron 202 muestras de niños entre los 3 y 4 años de edad de tres jardines Infantiles de Cali, Colombia, pertenecientes al estrato socioeconómico 1 y 2, evaluados en cuatro tiempos (0, 3, 6 y 9 meses). Resultados: Hubo una correlación entre el IPB más alto y el mayor recuento de unidades formadoras de colonia de SMsólo a los 3 meses (p = 0,003*). Los recuentos de LB fueron homogéneos en todos los niños y no presentaron correlación con el IPB. Conclusión: Se observaron resultados mixtos sobre la relación entre IPB y los recuentos de SM presentes en la saliva, por lo cual se requiere un análisis de múltiples factores.

Background:The identification of microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans(SM) and Lactobacillusspp. (LB) is a predictor of the development of caries, however the identification methods are of limited access due to their high cost. Aim:To determine the correlation between the dental biofilm measured by the modified Silness and Löe dental plaque index (DPI)) and the SM and LB count, in preschool children from Colombia. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional and correlational study. We took202 samples from children between 3 and 4 years of age from three kindergartens in Cali, Colombia, belonging to socioeconomic stratum 1 and 2, evaluated at four times (0, 3, 6 and 9 months). Results: We found a correlation between the highest IPB and thehighest count of SM colony forming units only at 3 months (p = 0.003*). LB counts were homogeneous in all children and there was no correlation with IPB. Conclusion: We observed mixed results on the relationship between IPB and the counts of SM present in the saliva, therefore an analysis of multiple factors is required.KEY WORDSDental plaque;Streptococcus mutans;Lactobacillus spp;dental caries.1

Effects of a food enriched with probiotics on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. salivary counts in preschool children: a cluster randomized trial.

Probiotics have provided benefits to general health, but they are still insufficient to dental health. This study aimed to evaluate milk supplemented with probiotic bacteria and standard milk, measured by levels of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus spp., in 3-4-year-old children after 9 months of intervention. The study was a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. The sample was composed of 363 preschoolers attending five child development centers in Cali, Colombia. They were randomized to two groups: children in the intervention group drank 200 mL of milk with Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x106 and Bifidobacteruim longum 3x106, and children in the control group drank 200 mL of standard milk. Interventions occurred on weekdays and information was gathered through scheduled clinical examination. The primary result was the number of colony forming units (CFU) of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. in the saliva. Secondary results were dental caries, rated by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), dental plaque, pH, and salivary buffer capacity. The proportion of S. mutans was lower in the intervention group compared with the control group after 9 months; however, the differences did not reach statistical significance (p=0.173); on the other hand, statistically significant differences between groups were found in the CFU/mL of Lactobacillus spp. (p=0.002). There was not statistically significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries for both groups (p=0.767). Differences between groups were found in the salivary buffering capacity (p=0.000); neither salivary pH nor dental plaque were significantly different. Regular consumption of milk containing probiotics bacteria reduced CFU/mL of Lactobacillus spp. and increased salivary buffering capacity at 9 months of consumption.

Effects of a food enriched with probiotics on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. salivary counts in preschool children: a cluster randomized trial

Abstract Probiotics have provided benefits to general health, but they are still insufficient to dental health. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate milk supplemented with probiotic bacteria and standard milk, measured by levels of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus spp., in 3-4-year-old children after 9 months of intervention. Material and Methods: The study was a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. The sample was composed of 363 preschoolers attending five child development centers in Cali, Colombia. They were randomized to two groups: children in the intervention group drank 200 mL of milk with Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x106 and Bifidobacteruim longum 3x106, and children in the control group drank 200 mL of standard milk. Interventions occurred on weekdays and information was gathered through scheduled clinical examination. The primary result was the number of colony forming units (CFU) of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. in the saliva. Secondary results were dental caries, rated by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), dental plaque, pH, and salivary buffer capacity. Results: The proportion of S. mutans was lower in the intervention group compared with the control group after 9 months; however, the differences did not reach statistical significance (p=0.173); on the other hand, statistically significant differences between groups were found in the CFU/mL of Lactobacillus spp. (p=0.002). There was not statistically significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries for both groups (p=0.767). Differences between groups were found in the salivary buffering capacity (p=0.000); neither salivary pH nor dental plaque were significantly different. Conclusions: Regular consumption of milk containing probiotics bacteria reduced CFU/mL of Lactobacillus spp. and increased salivary buffering capacity at 9 months of consumption.

Transposición dental: caracterización y anomalías dentales asociadas a una población de Cali, Colombia 1997-2011 / Dental transposition: characterization and dental anomalies associated with a population of Cali, Colombia, 1997-2011

INTRODUCCIÓN: el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la transposición dental en una población que asistió a la consulta de odontopediatría en Cali, Colombia, entre enero de 1997 y octubre de 2011 y describir las anomalías dentales asociadas. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de tipo retrospectivo. Un total de 1.809 radiografías panorámicas se revisaron estableciendo la presencia de la transposición dental y las anomalías dentales asociadas. Las siguientes variables se registraron: edad a la cual se diagnosticó, sexo, antecedentes familiares, médicos y estomatognáticos, trauma a la dentición temporal y permanente, localización y presencia de otra anomalía dental asociada. RESULTADOS: de 1809 pacientes revisados, cuatro presentaron transposición dental (0,22%) todos de sexo femenino. El rango de edad fue de 7 a 15 años. No se encontraron antecedentes familiares, médicos ni estomatognáticos relevantes. Tres de los casos se presentaron en el maxilar, uno en la mandíbula. No hubo predominio de lado de la transposición. Uno en el maxilar fue bilateral, los otros dos fueron unilaterales. La anomalía dental encontrada fue la persistencia de los caninos temporales en todos los casos. CONCLUSIONES: en este estudio se encontró prevalencia de la transposición dental del 0,22% (4 casos en 1809 pacientes), todos los casos se presentaron en pacientes de sexo femenino y el 75% de los casos fueron en el maxilar superior.

INTRODUCTION: the purpose of this study was to characterize dental transposition in a population consulting a pediatric dental service in Cali, Colombia, between January 1997 and October 2011 and to describe associated dental anomalies. METHODS: this was a retrospective descriptive study. A total of 1809 panoramic radiographs were reviewed in order to establish the presence of dental transposition and associated dental anomalies. The following variables were recorded: age at diagnosis; gender; family, medical, and stomatognathic histories; trauma to the primary and permanent dentition; location and presence of other associated dental anomalies. RESULTS: out of the 1809 patients reviewed, four had dental transposition (0.22%), all of them females. The age range was 7-15 years. No relevant family, medical or stomatognathic histories were found. Three of the cases occurred in the maxilla and one in the mandible. There was no side predominance for the transpositions. One of the mandible cases was bilateral and the other two were unilateral. The associated dental anomaly usually found was persistent temporary canines in all the cases. CONCLUSIONS: this study found a prevalence of dental transposition of 0.22% (4 cases in 1809 patients); all of the cases occurred in female patients and 75% of them were located in the upper maxilla.

Caries de la infancia temprana y factores de riesgo: revisión de la literatura / Risk factors and early tooth decay in children

La caries de la infancia temprana se define como la presencia de una o más lesiones cariosas (cavitadas,no cavitadas), dientes ausentes por caries u obturaciones en cualquier diente temporal en niños menores de 71 meses. En la actualidad se considera un problema de salud pública que afecta a los infantes en todo el mundo. Su prevalencia difiere en todo los países y se han realizado estudios en donde informan factores de riesgo asociados entre los que estan: Hábitos del biberón, placa bacteriana, hábitos de higiene bucal, la temprana adquisición y colonización del Streptococo mutans; otros como la cantidad y calidad de la saliva del niño, el patrón de erupción de los dientes, las alteraciones estructurales de los tejidos duros del diente, si se encuentra flúor en el medio oral, tipo de ingesta, pacientes con discapacidad física y/o mental, nivel socioeconómico, nivel educativo , padres o personal a cargo del niño que no han recibido educación sobre cuidados en higiene oral. El presente artículo pretende hacer una revisión bibliográfica sobre la caries de la infancia temprana, factores de riesgo asociados, prevalencia y dar a conocer posibles métodos de prevención de esta.